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Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872 –1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist and Nobel laureate. Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I.  Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticized Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”.